Multi-media broadcast and multicast service (mbms) in a wireless communication system

ABSTRACT

Techniques to implement MBMS services in a wireless communication system. In one aspect, a method is provided for processing data for transmission to a plurality of terminals. Frames of information bits (which may have variable rates) are provided to a buffer implementing a matrix. The matrix is padded with padding bits based on a particular padding scheme to support variable frame rates. The frames are then coded based on a particular block code to provide parity bits. The frame of information bits and the parity bits are then transmitted to the terminals. In another aspect, a method is provided for controlling the transmit power of a data transmission to a plurality of terminals. In accordance with the method, TPC streams are received from the terminals and processed to obtain a stream of joint power control commands used to adjust the transmit power of the data transmission.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §120

The present application for patent is a Continuation and claims priorityto patent application Ser. No. 11/410,580, entitled “Multi-MediaBroadcast and Multicast Service (MBMS) in a Wireless CommunicationsSystem” filed Apr. 24, 2006, now allowed, which is a Continuation andclaims priority to patent application Ser. No. 10/140,352, entitled“Multi-Media Broadcast and Multicast Service (MBMS) in a WirelessCommunications System” filed May 6, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,177,658,issued Feb. 13, 2007, and assigned to the assignee hereof and herebyexpressly incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present invention relates generally to data communication, and morespecifically to techniques for implementing multi-media broadcast andmulticast service (MBMS) in a wireless communication system.

2. Background

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide varioustypes of communication such as voice, data, and so on. These systems maybe multiple-access systems capable of supporting communication formultiple users and may be based on code division multiple access (CDMA),time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access(FDMA), or some other multiple access techniques. CDMA systems mayprovide certain advantages over other types of system, includingincreased system capacity.

A wireless communication system may be designed to provide various typesof services. These services may include point-to-point services, ordedicated services such as voice and packet data, whereby data istransmitted from a transmission source (e.g., a base station) to aspecific recipient terminal. These services may also includepoint-to-multipoint services, or broadcast services such as news,whereby data is transmitted from a transmission source to a number ofrecipient terminals.

The characteristics and requirements for broadcast services are verydifferent in many aspects from those for dedicated services. Forexample, dedicated resources (e.g., physical channels) may be requiredto be allocated to individual terminals for dedicated services. Incontrast, common resources may be allocated and used for all terminalsexpected to receive the broadcast services. Moreover, the transmissionfor a broadcast service would need to be controlled such that a largenumber of terminals are able to reliably receive the service, whileminimizing the amount resources required to implement the service.

There is therefore a need in the art for techniques to implement MBMSservices, which comprise broadcast and multicast services, in a wirelesscommunication system.

SUMMARY

Techniques are provided herein to implement MBMS services in a wirelesscommunication system. These techniques cover various aspects ofpoint-to-multipoint transmissions for broadcast and multicast services.

In one aspect, a method is provided for processing data for transmissionto a plurality of terminals (or UEs). In accordance with the method, aplurality of frames of information bits is provided to a bufferimplementing a matrix. The frames may have variable rates and each framemay include a particular number of information bits that is differentfrom those of other frames provided to the matrix. The matrix is paddedwith padding bits based on a particular padding scheme to supportvariable rates for the frames. The frames of information bits are thencoded based on a particular (block) code to provide a plurality ofparity bits. The frames of information bits and the parity bits are thentransmitted to the terminals.

In another aspect, a method is provided for controlling the transmitpower of a (broadcast or multicast) data transmission to a plurality ofterminals. In accordance with the method, a plurality of uplink transmitpower control (TPC) streams is received from the terminals. The uplinkTPC streams are then processed to obtain a stream of joint power controlcommands for the data transmission. The transmit power of the datatransmission is then adjusted based on the stream of joint power controlcommands.

In one embodiment, a single uplink TPC stream is received from eachterminal. The single uplink TPC stream would include power controlcommands for controlling transmit powers of multiple downlink datatransmissions to the terminal, one of which is the (broadcast ormulticast) data transmission to the plurality of terminals. In anembodiment, the single uplink TPC stream from each terminal includes apower control command for each power control interval, which is set toincrease transmit power if an increase in transmit power is needed forany of the multiple downlink data transmissions. The joint power controlcommand for each power control interval may then be determined based an“OR-of-the-UP” commands in the uplink TPC streams received from theterminals for that power control interval.

A downlink TPC stream is also typically transmitted for each terminal.The downlink TPC streams for the plurality of terminals may betransmitted in a multiplexed (e.g., time-division multiplexed) manner ona single power control channel.

Various aspects and embodiments of the invention are described infurther detail below. The invention further provides methods, programcodes, digital signal processors, receiver units, transmitter units,terminals, base stations, systems, and other apparatuses and elementsthat implement various aspects, embodiments, and features of theinvention, as described in further detail below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features, nature, and advantages of the present invention willbecome more apparent from the detailed description set forth below whentaken in conjunction with the drawings in which like referencecharacters identify correspondingly throughout and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a wireless communication system that mayimplement various aspects and embodiments of MBMS;

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of an embodiment of a base stationand a terminal (or UE);

FIG. 3 is a diagram of the signal processing at the base station for adownlink data transmission, in accordance with W-CDMA;

FIGS. 4A through 4F are diagrams illustrating six outer code designs,whereby zero padding is used to facilitate variable-rate outer coding;

FIGS. 5A through 5C are diagrams illustrating channel models for (1)simultaneous reception of a multicast channel and a dedicated channel ata UE, (2) reception of only a multicast channel, and (3) the dedicatedchannel on the uplink, respectively; and

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a process for receivingMBMS service by a UE.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Techniques are described herein to implement a multi-media broadcast andmulti-cast service (MBMS) in a wireless communication system. MBMScomprises point-to-multipoint communication services that attempt todeliver certain content to a large number of user terminals (i.e.,broadcast) and services that attempt to deliver certain content to aspecific group of user terminals (i.e., multicast). The designconsiderations for MBMS are different from those of point-to-pointcommunication services (such as voice and packet data), which arecommonly provided by cellular communication systems. Variousconsiderations and design features for MBMS are described in detailbelow.

A. System

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a wireless communication system 100 that mayimplement various aspects and embodiments of MBMS. System 100 includes anumber of base stations 104 that provide coverage for a number ofgeographic regions 102. A base station is also referred to as a basetransceiver system (BTS), an access point, a Node B, or some otherterminology. The base station is part of the UMTS Radio Access Network(UTRAN). A base station and/or its coverage area are also often referredto as a cell, depending on the context in which the term is used.

As shown in FIG. 1, various terminals 106 are dispersed throughout thesystem. A terminal is also referred to as a mobile station, userequipment (UE), or some other terminology. Each terminal 106 maycommunicate with one or more base stations 104 on the downlink anduplink at any given moment, depending on whether or not the terminal isactive and whether or not it is in soft hand-over. The downlink (i.e.,forward link) refers to transmission from the base station to theterminal, and the uplink (i.e., reverse link) refers to transmissionfrom the terminal to the base station.

In the example shown in FIG. 1, base station 104 a transmits toterminals 106 a and 106 b on the downlink, base station 104 b transmitsto terminals 106 c, 106 d, 106 e, and 106 l, and so on. Terminal 106 cis in soft hand-over and receives transmissions from base stations 104 band 104 d. In FIG. 1, a solid line with an arrow indicates auser-specific (or dedicated) data transmission from the base station tothe terminal. A broken line with an arrow indicates that the terminal isreceiving pilot, signaling, and possibly MBMS services, but nouser-specific data transmission from the base station. The uplinkcommunication is not shown in FIG. 1 for simplicity.

MBMS as described herein may be implemented in various wirelesscommunication systems. Such systems may include code division multipleaccess (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and frequencydivision multiple access (FDMA) communication systems. CDMA systems maybe designed to implement one or more commonly known CDMA standards suchas W-CDMA, IS-95, IS-2000, IS-856, and others. For clarity, variousimplementation details for MBMS are described for a W-CDMA system.

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of an embodiment of a base station104 and a terminal 106. On the downlink, at base station 104, a transmit(TX) data processor 214 receives different types of traffic such asuser-specific data and data for MBMS services from a data source 212,messages from a controller 230, and so on. TX data processor 214 thenformats and codes the data and messages based on one or more codingschemes to provide coded data.

The coded data is then provided to a modulator (MOD) 216 and furtherprocessed to generate modulated data. For W-CDMA, the processing bymodulator 216 includes (1) “spreading” the coded data with orthogonalvariable spreading factor (OVSF) codes to channelize the user-specificdata, MBMS data, and messages onto physical channels and (2)“scrambling” the channelized data with scrambling codes. The modulateddata is then provided to a transmitter (TMTR) 218 and conditioned (e.g.,converted to one or more analog signals, amplified, filtered, andquadrature modulated) to generate a downlink modulated signal suitablefor transmission via an antenna 220 over a wireless communicationchannel to the terminals.

At terminal 106, the downlink modulated signal is received by an antenna250 and provided to a receiver (RCVR) 252. Receiver 252 conditions(e.g., filters, amplifies, and downconverts) the received signal anddigitizes the conditioned signal to provide data samples. A demodulator(DEMOD) 254 then receives and processes the data samples to providerecovered symbols. For W-CDMA, the processing by demodulator 254includes (1) descrambling the data samples with the same scrambling codeused by the terminal, (2) despreading the descrambled samples tochannelize the received data and messages onto the proper physicalchannels, and (3) (possibly) coherently demodulating the channelizeddata with a pilot recovered from the received signal. A receive (RX)data processor 256 then receives and decodes the symbols to recover theuser-specific data, MBMS data, and messages transmitted by the basestation on the downlink.

Controllers 230 and 260 control the processing at the base station andthe terminal, respectively. Each controller may also be designed toimplement all or a portion of the process to select transport formatcombinations for use described herein. Program codes and data requiredby controllers 230 and 260 may be stored in memories 232 and 262,respectively.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of the signal processing at a base station for adownlink data transmission, in accordance with W-CDMA. The uppersignaling layers of a W-CDMA system support data transmission on one ormore transport channels to a specific terminal (or for a specific MBMSservice). Each transport channel is capable of carrying data for one ormore services. These services may include voice, video, packet data, andso on, which are collectively referred to herein as “data”. The data tobe transmitted is initially processed as one or more transport channelsat a higher signaling layer. The transport channels are then mapped toone or more physical channels assigned to the terminal (or MBMSservice).

The data for each transport channel is processed based on a transportformat (TF) selected for that transport channel (a single TF is selectedat any given moment). Each transport format defines various processingparameters such as a transmission time interval (TTI) over which thetransport format applies, the size of each transport block of data, thenumber of transport blocks within each TTI, the coding scheme to be usedfor the TTI, and so on. The TTI may be specified as 10 msec, 20 msec, 40msec, or 80 msec. Each TTI may be used to transmit a transport block sethaving N_(B) equal-sized transport blocks, as specified by the transportformat for the TTI. For each transport channel, the transport format candynamically change from TTI to TTI, and the set of transport formatsthat may be used for the transport channel is referred to as thetransport format set (TFS).

As shown in FIG. 3, the data for each transport channel is provided, inone or more transport blocks for each TTI, to a respective transportchannel processing section 310. Within each processing section 310, eachtransport block is used to calculate a set of cyclic redundancy check(CRC) bits (block 312). The CRC bits are attached to the transport blockand are used at the terminal for block error detection. The one or moreCRC coded blocks for each TTI are then serially concatenated together(block 314). If the total number of bits after concatenation is greaterthan the maximum size of a code block, then the bits are segmented intoa number of (equal-sized) code blocks. The maximum code block size isdetermined by the particular coding scheme (e.g., convolutional, Turbo,or no coding) selected for use for the current TTI, which is specifiedby the transport channel's transport format for the TTI. Each code blockis then coded with the selected coding scheme or not coded at all (block316) to generate coded bits.

Rate matching is then performed on the coded bits in accordance with arate-matching attribute assigned by higher signaling layers andspecified by the transport format (block 318). On the downlink, unusedbit positions are filled with discontinuous transmission (DTX) bits(block 320). The DTX bits indicate when a transmission should be turnedoff and are not actually transmitted.

The rate-matched bits for each TTI are then interleaved in accordancewith a particular interleaving scheme to provide time diversity (block322). In accordance with the W-CDMA standard, the interleaving isperformed over the TTI, which can be selected as 10 msec, 20 msec, 40msec, or 80 msec. When the selected TTI is longer than 10 msec, the bitswithin the TTI are segmented and mapped onto consecutive transportchannel frames (block 324). Each transport channel frame corresponds tothe portion of the TTI that is to be transmitted over a (10 msec)physical channel radio frame period (or simply, a “frame”).

In W-CDMA, data to be transmitted to a particular terminal (or aparticular MBMS service) is processed as one or more transport channelsat a higher signaling layer. The transport channels are then mapped toone or more physical channels assigned to the terminal (or the MBMSservice).

The transport channel frames from all active transport channelprocessing sections 310 are serially multiplexed into a coded compositetransport channel (CCTrCH) (block 332). DTX bits may then be insertedinto the multiplexed radio frames such that the number of bits to betransmitted matches the number of available bit positions on one or more“physical channels” to be used for the data transmission (block 334). Ifmore than one physical channel is used, then the bits are segmentedamong the physical channels (block 336). The bits in each frame for eachphysical channel are then further interleaved to provide additional timediversity (block 338). The interleaved bits are then mapped to the dataportions of their respective physical channels (block 340). Thesubsequent signal processing to generate a modulated signal suitable fortransmission from the base station to the terminal is known in the artand not described herein.

The following terminology and acronyms are used herein:

-   -   User equipment (UE)—an entity that includes both a physical        terminal equipment and a user identity module or UIM card.    -   UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)—the access stratum        elements of a UMTS network.    -   Access Stratum (AS)—all network elements and procedures of a        cellular system that are influenced by the radio environment        (e.g., frequency, cell layout, and so on)    -   Non Access Stratum (NAS)—all network elements and procedures of        a cellular system that are independent of the radio environment        (e.g., user authentication procedure, call control procedure,        and so on)    -   Radio access network (RAN)—all network elements that are part of        the access stratum (includes the cell, the Node B, and the RNC)    -   High-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA)—a set of physical        channels and procedures defined as part of the UTRAN that enable        high speed transmission of data in the downlink.    -   IP Multimedia Services (IMS)—    -   Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)—    -   Radio Resource Control (RRC)—    -   Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)—

In W-CDMA, services are assigned transport channels, which are logicalchannels at a higher layer. The transport channels are then mapped tophysical channels at a physical layer. The physical channels are definedby various parameters including (1) a specific carrier frequency, (2) aspecific scrambling code used to spectrally spread the data prior totransmission, (3) a specific channelization code (if needed) used tochannelize the data so that it is orthogonal to the data for otherphysical channels, (4) specific start and stop times (defining aduration), and (4) on the uplink, a relative phase (0 or π/2). Thesevarious physical channel parameters are described in detail in theapplicable W-CDMA standard documents.

The following transport and physical channels defined by W-CDMA are usedherein:

-   -   BCH—broadcast channel    -   CCCH—common control channel    -   DCCH—dedicated control channel    -   DCH—dedicated channel    -   DSCH—downlink shared channel    -   HS-DSCH—high-speed downlink shared channel    -   HS-SCCH—shared control channel for the HS-DSCH    -   RACH—random access channel    -   FACH—forward access channel    -   DMCH—downlink multicast channel    -   DPDCH—dedicated physical data channel    -   DPCCH—dedicated physical control channel    -   CCPCH—common control physical channel    -   P-CCPCH—primary common control physical channel    -   S-CCPCH—secondary common control physical channel    -   DPCH—dedicated physical channel (which includes the DPDCH and        DPCCH)    -   PDSCH—physical downlink shared channel    -   HS-PDSCH—high-speed physical downlink shared channel    -   PRACH—physical random access channel    -   PDMCH—physical downlink multicast channel    -   PCPCH—physical common power control channel

B. Deployment Scenarios

MBMS comprises broadcast and multicast services. A broadcast is atransmission of certain content to a large number of UEs, and amulticast is a transmission of certain content to a specific group ofUEs. Because different numbers of UEs are targeted to be served bybroadcast and multicast, different considerations related to dataprocessing and transmission apply. Different designs may thus be usedfor broadcast and multicast.

MBMS is intended to be transmitted to a large number of UEs. MBMSeconomies of scale rely on the fact that a large number of UEs will beable to receive the same service. Thus, UE capability is an importantinput parameter in the design of MBMS. In particular, the channelstructure and mapping may be selected such that UEs with minimum MBMScapability may be able to receive MBMS services. The minimum MBMScapability is thus an important input for the design of MBMS.

Service Combinations

A communication system may be designed with the capability to supportMBMS services along with other services such as voice, packet data, andso on, on a given frequency or carrier. Table 1 lists some combinationsof MBMS and other services that may be supported by the communicationsystem on a single carrier.

TABLE 1 Services Requirement 1 Broadcast only, non-registered UEs cannotbe paged 2 Broadcast only, registered UEs can be paged 3 Multicast only,registered UEs can be paged 4 MBMS + DCH Dedicated service (e.g., voice)5 MBMS + DCH + DSCH Dedicated and shared services (e.g., voice andpacket data) 6 MBMS + DCH + HS-DSCH Dedicated and shared services (e.g.,high-speed data packet access (HSDPA))

In service combination 1, only broadcast service is supported on thecarrier, and the UEs are able to receive the broadcast service withoutregistering with the system. However, without registration, the systemdoes not have knowledge of the UEs' existence. Consequently, the UEscannot be paged by the system for incoming calls and other services.

In service combination 2, only broadcast service is supported on thecarrier, and the UEs are able to receive the broadcast service afterregistering with the system. Through the registration, the system isprovided with knowledge of the UEs' existence, and the UEs can be pagedby the system for incoming calls and other services.

In service combination 3, only multicast service is supported on thecarrier, and the UEs are able to receive the multicast service afterregistering with the system. Through the registration, the UEs canthereafter be paged by the system for incoming calls and other services.

In service combination 4, MBMS services and a “dedicated” service aresupported on the carrier. The MBMS services may include any combinationof broadcast and/or multicast services. The dedicated service may be avoice service or some other service, which may be supported via use of adedicated channel (DCH) assigned to the UE. The dedicated service ischaracterized by the allocation of dedicated resources (e.g., achannelization code for a DCH) to the UE for the duration of thecommunication.

In service combination 5, MBMS services, a dedicated service, and a“shared” service are supported on the carrier. The shared service may bea packet data service or some other service, which may be supported viause of a downlink shared channel (DSCH). The shared service ischaracterized by the allocation of shared resources to the UE, asneeded.

In service combination 6, MBMS services, a dedicated service, and ashared service are supported on the carrier. The shared service may be ahigh-speed packet data service or some other service, which may besupported via use of a high-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH).

Other service combinations may also be implemented, and this is withinthe scope of the invention.

For service combinations that only support broadcast, multicast, or MBMSservices (e.g., service combinations 1, 2, and 3), the UEs may need togo to other frequencies to obtain other services (e.g., voice, packetdata, and so on). Each frequency may be associated with a paging channelused to (1) page the UEs for incoming calls, (2) send system messages tothe UEs, and so on.

To ensure that the UEs can be paged, timer-based registration may beimplemented. For timer-based registration, if a UE visits a newfrequency to receive another service, then it registers with the systemfor that frequency. Upon registering with the system, the timer for theUE for that frequency is reset. Thereafter, the UE may leave thatfrequency, go to another frequency for a different service, and returnto the same frequency. Upon returning to a prior-visited frequency, thetimer maintained for the UE for that frequency is checked. If the timerfor the UE has not expired, then registration is not needed and thetimer is reset. Timer-based registration may be used to avoid having tore-register with the system each time the UE leaves and returns to thesame frequency, which reduces overhead signaling and further improvesperformance.

Techniques for implementing timer-based registration for a broadcastcommunication system is described in further detail in U.S. Pat. No.6,980,820, entitled “Method and System for Signaling in BroadcastCommunication System,” issued Dec. 27, 2005, which is assigned to theassignee of the present application and incorporated herein byreference.

Frequency Allocation

A communication system may be allocated one or more frequency bands thatmay be used for the downlink. Each frequency band is associated with acarrier signal (or simply, a carrier) at a particular frequency. Thecarrier is modulated with data to obtain a modulated signal, which maythen be transmitted over-the-air on the corresponding frequency band.For W-CDMA, each carrier corresponds to a W-CDMA RAN channel.

MBMS and other services may be supported using various frequencyallocation schemes, some of which are described below.

In a first frequency allocation scheme, MBMS and other services are allsupported on the same carrier. Different services may be transmitted ondifferent physical channels, as described in further detail below. Sinceall services are transmitted on the same carrier, the UEs are able tomonitor and/or receive different services without having to switchbetween carriers.

In a second frequency allocation scheme, MBMS and other services arespread across different carriers. This scheme may be used to increasesystem capacity for these services. The number of UEs receiving MBMSservices may be large, and the additional capacity provided by multiplecarriers may be used to support MBMS and other services concurrently.

In a third frequency allocation scheme, MBMS and voice services aresupported on a first set of one or more carriers, and other services(e.g., packet data) are supported on a second set of one or morecarriers. This scheme may be used to bundle services that are likely tobe accessed together on the same set of carriers, which may improveaccessibility and availability. Since MBMS and voice services aresupported on the same set of carriers, a portion of the availableresources is used to support voice service, and the remaining resourcesmay be allocated to MBMS services. The resources required to supportvoice and MBMS services in parallel increase with the number of UEsreceiving the service. Since a limited amount of resources may beavailable for MBMS, the ability to scale MBMS services to meet demandsmay be impacted.

In a fourth frequency allocation scheme, MBMS services are supported viaa separate carrier. This scheme provides the highest level ofscalability for MBMS services. However, since MBMS services are on aseparate carrier, to receive another service concurrently with MBMS, theUEs would need to process signals from at least two different carriers.This may be achieved using a receiver capable of processing the MBMSservices on one carrier and another service on another carrier.

Other frequency allocation schemes may also be used, and this is withinthe scope of the invention.

For the second, third, and fourth schemes, multiple carriers are used tosupport various services. The idle mode procedures and hand-overprocedures may be designed and adapted in light of MBMS. In particular,the idle mode and hand-over procedures should describe how a UE switchesits receiver from one carrier to another as a function of the serviceselected by the user. When already engaged in either an MBMS session oranother call or data session, the procedures should describe how toinitiate the parallel reception of the MBMS service and a call or datasession, in particular when the MBMS service and the other non-MBMSservice are not initially on the same frequency.

C. Channel Structure MBMS Information Types

Various types of control information and service data may be transmittedto implement MBMS. The control information comprises all informationbesides service data, as described below. The service data comprises thecontent (e.g., video, data, and so on) being delivered for MBMSservices.

For the downlink, the different types of information for MBMS may becategorized as follows:

-   -   System level MBMS information—this information tells the UEs        where to look for other MBMS control information and MBMS data.        For example, this information may include pointers to MBMS        control channels.    -   Common MBMS control information—this may include NAS and AS MBMS        control information (i.e., call related and Access Status        related information). The common MBMS control information        informs the UEs what services are available, the physical        channels on which the services are transmitted, and the        parameters for each physical channel used for these services.        These parameters may include, for example, the rate, coding,        modulation, information type, and so on, used for the physical        channel.    -   Dedicated MBMS control information—this may include NAS and AS        MBMS security and/or access control information. This        information may include, for example, secret key used for        secured processing (which may be dependent on the logical or        transport channel to be processed).    -   MBMS data and control—this includes the MBMS content being        broadcast or multicast and other control information. This        control information may include, for example, the structure of        the coding block and/or parity information for the outer code,        as described below.        Different and/or additional types of MBMS control information        may also be defined, and this is within the scope of the        invention.

For the uplink, different types of information may be transmitted by theUEs to support MBMS. The uplink information for MBMS may be categorizedas follows:

-   -   Quality feedback information—this may include event driven        reporting of quality, power control, and so on.

Channel Structures

The different types of MBMS information may be transmitted using variousphysical channel structures. In one embodiment, each MBMS informationtype is transmitted via a respective set of one or more physicalchannels. A specific channel structure for the downlink MBMS informationmay be implemented as follows:

-   -   System level MBMS information—may be mapped on the BCH/P-CCPCH.    -   Common MBMS control information—may be mapped on the        CCCH/S-CCPCH or DCCH/DPCH or newly defined transport and        physical channels.    -   Dedicated MBMS control information—may be mapped on the        DCCH/DPCH.    -   MBMS data and control—may be mapped on the S-CCPCH and HS-PDSCH        or newly defined transport and physical channels.

A specific channel structure for the uplink MBMS information may beimplemented as follows:

-   -   Quality feedback information—may be mapped on the RACH/PRACH,        DCCH/DPCH or newly defined transport and physical channels.        The above channel structure is a specific example. Other channel        structures and/or channels may also be defined for MBMS, and        this is within the scope of the invention. For example, MBMS        data and control may be transmitted on a standalone carrier with        different physical layer parameters (e.g., different formats,        modulation, multiplexing, and so on) than those currently        defined by W-CDMA.

In another embodiment, the different types of MBMS information may bemultiplexed together onto a single control channel that may betransmitted to the UEs. The UEs would then recover this control channeland demultiplex the various types of MBMS information to obtain theneeded information.

MBMS Signaling

The MBMS control information described above may be categorized intofour classes of signaling data:

-   -   System specific—    -   Cell specific—    -   Service specific—    -   User specific—        The MBMS signaling may be mapped on control channels based on        various schemes.

In one scheme, the signaling data for each class is mapped on controlchannels based on the destination for the signaling data. In particular,common control data may be mapped on common channels, and dedicatedcontrol data may be mapped on dedicated channels. Furthermore, controldata common to all services may be mapped on a service-independentcommon control channel, and service-specific control data may bemultiplexed together with the service data. This scheme may be the mostefficient in terms of resource utilization.

In another scheme, the common MBMS control information is sent on thecommon control channel and also duplicated on the MBMS data channelitself or on the dedicated channel when available. This scheme avoidsthe need for the UEs to monitor multiple channels in parallel for MBMS.For example, whereas the first scheme would require a UE to receive inparallel two S-CCPCH (one for the common MBMS control information andone for the MBMS service data) and one DPCH (for other services, e.g.voice) to receive MBMS and voice services, the second scheme wouldrequire the UE to receive only one S-CCPCH for both MBMS control andservice data in addition to the DPCH.

D. Channel Mapping Channel Multiplexing

MBMS services may be transmitted based on various transmission schemes.In one scheme, each MBMS service is considered as an independenttransmission and sent via a separate set of one or more physicalchannels (i.e., as if it were a separate UE, from the resourceallocation perspective). For this scheme, different MBMS services arenot multiplexed together at the AS level.

The first scheme provides several advantages. First, it relaxes therequirement on the minimum UE capability needed to receive MBMSservices. Second, it offers planning flexibility in terms of MBMScoverage area, power management, and autonomous hand-over procedure. Inparticular, not all cells need to offer the same MBMS services, and aparticular MBMS service may be offered by any designated cells.

In another transmission scheme, multiple MBMS services may bemultiplexed together onto the same set of one or more physical channels.

Channel Mapping

Depending on the type of MBMS services, different resource allocationstrategies may be considered. An important consideration is whether theresource allocation for MBMS should be semi-static or dynamic.

The semi-static resource allocation scheme may be more robust andefficient with respect to the amount of required signaling. This schemeis well suited for fixed rate MBMS applications (e.g., video, voice, andso on) since the resource has to be allocated on a regular basis to theMBMS service.

The dynamic resource allocation scheme requires signaling overhead toimplement but allows for dynamic allocation and re-allocation of theresources. This scheme may be more appropriate for variable rateservices such as data transfer.

Both schemes may be evaluated and considered in light of their impact onthe access stratum and UE complexity.

MBMS data may be transmitted on various physical channels. Theparticular physical channel to use and the mapping of the MBMS data tothe physical channels may be determined based on various channel mappingschemes. Each channel mapping scheme corresponds to a different resourceallocation and transmission strategy. The following channel mappingschemes may be implemented for MBMS:

-   -   Semi-static—S-CCPCH model    -   Hybrid—PDSCH model    -   Dynamic—HS-PDSCH model        Each of these channel mapping schemes is described in further        detail below.

Semi-Static Scheme

In the semi-static scheme, data for a particular MBMS service istransmitted on a physical channel that is allocated and dedicated forthat service. The channel allocation is static (or semi-static) and maybe identified to the UEs via signaling (e.g., on a broadcast channel).The physical channel may be the S-CCPCH or a similar channel, whichincludes at least transport format combination indicator (TFCI) and databits. For MBMS, there is no explicit identification of the UEs to whichthe data is transmitted.

This channel mapping scheme may be implemented in a straightforwardmanner. Assuming that the MAC-broadcast is located in the RNC, thisscheme would allow for simultaneous reception from neighboring cells bythe UEs. Since the MBMS data is transmitted via a pre-defined and knownphysical channel (dedicated to MBMS data), the UEs monitor this channelin parallel with other physical channels to receive MBMS+voice servicesor MBMS+voice+data services.

Hybrid Scheme

In the hybrid scheme, for a particular MBMS service, control informationfor the service is mapped on a common control channel and the associateddata for the service is mapped on a shared data channel. For example,the control information may be mapped on the S-CCPCH and the associatedservice data may be mapped on the PDSCH. A minimum amount of controlinformation (e.g., the TFCI bits, possibly the signaling channel) may bemapped on the common control channel. The hybrid scheme provides someflexibility in the allocation of the channelization code resource insimilar manner as the DPCH+PDSCH combination described in Release-99 ofthe W-CDMA standard. When operating a voice channel in parallel withMBMS service, the TFCI information may be mapped on the DPCCH using aTFCI hard split mode, as described by the W-CDMA standard.

Given that the MAC entity of the shared channel is also located in theRNC, the hybrid scheme is very similar to the semi-static scheme in thesense that the MBMS transmission can be coordinated across multiplecells, which would allow autonomous soft combining of the MBMS data bythe terminal (as described below). A main difference is that the hybridscheme may be more flexible in terms of code allocation, since it allowsthe MBMS code allocation to be changed every transmission intervalwithout executing a channel re-configuration procedure.

Dynamic Scheme

In the dynamic scheme, MBMS is considered as a best effort datatransmission that may be mapped on a HSDPA channel structure. The HSDPAchannel structure is a channel structure capable of transmitting datafor multiple services (or recipients) using a particular multiplexingscheme. One such HSDPA channel structure is the HDR (high data rate)channel structure that transmits data in a time-division multiplexed(TDM) manner over a single high-speed physical channel. The transmissiontime for this high-speed physical channel is partitioned into (20 msec)frames, each of which includes 16 (1.67 msec) slots. Each slot may beassigned to a particular service or UE, which may be identified by afield in the frame.

The HDR channel structure includes (1) a mechanism for the UEs to reportthe quality/condition of the communication channel back to the system sothat the data transmission may be adjusted to match the reported channelquality, and (2) a mechanism for reporting incorrectly received (i.e.,erased) data packets to facilitate retransmission of these erasedpackets. The HDR channel structure is described in detail in IS-856.

For W-CDMA, the HS-PDSCH is a physical channel that has many of theattributes of the HDR channel structure, and may thus be used toimplement the HSDPA channel structure. HSDPA frames are 2 msec long (3slots), and each HSDPA frame may be assigned to a particular service orUE. Furthermore, HSDPA allows for code division multiplexing (CDM)partitioning of the code tree. For example, for each HSDPA frame, acertain UE/service may be allocated 3 SF=16 codes and another 5 SF=16codes (the HS-PDSCH channels all use SF=16 codes, where SF denotes thespreading factor for the OVSF code used for the HS-PDSCH). The HS-PDSCHis described in detail in document 3G TS 25.211 v5.0.0.

Using the HSDPA channel structure, different MBMS services may beassigned different UE IDs (H-RNTI) and may be transmitted in atime-division multiplexed manner, possibly along with other services.The different UE IDs allow the UEs actively receiving MBMS to uniquelyidentify these MBMS services at the physical layer level.

MBMS may be transmitted via the HSDPA channel structure using variousallocation schemes. In one scheme, certain frames are allocated forMBMS. This may then reduce the amount of control information since theUEs may be informed once as to where to look for MBMS frames. In anotherscheme, frames are allocated for MBMS as needed and possibly based onavailability. The frames used for MBMS may be signaled to the UEs via anassociated control channel, e.g., HS-SCCH.

The UEs may be designed with the capability to receive MBMS services viathe HSDPA channel structure. However, in an embodiment, link adaptationis not performed dynamically for broadcast services. This is becausebroadcast services are transmitted to a large number of UEs and not to aspecific UE or a specific set of UEs. Thus, packet-level feedback fromthe individual UEs would not be required or appropriate, and the UEs donot need to report channel quality information or acknowledgement data.

The UEs may be operated to receive only MBMS services and no otherservices. In this case, it may not need to operate any dedicatedphysical channel on both the downlink and uplink to report feedbackinformation. The UEs may also be operated to receive MBMS and non-MBMSservices in parallel. In this case, if a particular UE is not able toreceive multiple streams for the multiple services in parallel (e.g.,over the HS-PDSCH), then the transmissions for these services may bescheduled such that the UE does not have to receive multiple services inthe same HSDPA frame.

The HS-PDSCH has a short time duration (2 msec) over which data isinterleaved. To improve reliability, the same MBMS data may beredundantly transmitted multiple times to improve the likelihood ofproper reception by the UEs at the edge of the cell.

The performance of the MBMS transmission using the HSDPA channelstructure may be evaluated and compared against the performance of thesemi-static and hybrid schemes. The scheme that results in the bestutilization of channel resources may then be selected for use for MBMS.

For W-CDMA, the MAC entity for HS-PDSCH (MAC-hs) is located in the NodeB. It is therefore not possible for the MAC entity to coordinate thetransmission from multiple cells (except for those managed by the NodeB, in which case the cells are the sectors of the Node B) in order toensure simultaneous reception from neighboring cells based on existingrelease. However, it may be possible to synchronize the transmissionfrom the RNC side. For example, the RNC may provide the MBMS transportblocks with a certain time stamp that the Node B scheduler would have toobey.

E. Channel Coding and Interleaving

The code rate used for MBMS data may be selected by considering thecharacteristics of the physical channel used to transmit the MBMS data.

For a point-to-point transmission (e.g., voice), power control istypically used to adjust the transmit power of the transmission so thatthe desired level of performance (e.g., 1 percent frame error rate) isachieved while minimizing the amount of interference to othertransmissions. Power control bits are typically transmitted on theuplink to implement the power control of the downlink transmission.

For a broadcast transmission, the physical channel used for thetransmission may be operated without fast power control since that wouldrequire too much bandwidth on the uplink to send power control bits fromthe UEs actively receiving the transmission. If fast power control isnot employed, then MBMS data may be coded with a lower code rate toprovide improved performance. However, the lower code rate also resultsin more coded bits, which would require a larger channel bandwidth (orhigher data rate) to transmit. The higher channel bandwidth is supportedby using a shorter channelization code, which corresponds to a largerportion of the total code resource.

Performance versus code utilization may be evaluated for variousoperating scenarios. The code rate that “optimizes” performance and codeutilization, based on some defined criteria, may then be used for MBMSservices.

If the trade-off is positive (i.e., the performance improvementoutweighs the higher code utilization), then a low rate code such as arate 1/5 (R=1/5) code defined by cdma2000 may be used instead of therate 1/3 (R=1/3) code defined by W-CDMA. Alternatively, the existingrate 1/3 code in W-CDMA may be used in conjunction with repetition(i.e., some or all of the coded data may be repeated to obtain a lowereffective code rate). The repetition is less complex to implement. Ifthe trade-off is negative, then the dynamic scheme may not provide thedesired level of performance since multiple repetitions of the same datamay be needed due to the short channel interleaving span (2 msec) forthe HS-PDSCH.

The performance of each of a number of coding/interleaving schemes(e.g., 2 msec+ repetition, 10 msec interleaving + repetition, 40 msinterleaving, and 80 msec interleaving) may be evaluated. The schemethat provides the best performance may then be selected for use forMBMS.

F. Error Correction Outer Code

When the number of UEs receiving MBMS service is high, it may not bepossible or practical to support MBMS transmission with acknowledgment.An outer code may thus be used for MBMS to enhance link levelperformance of the downlink physical channel. The outer code correspondsto additional coding that may be performed at a higher layer in additionto the coding performed at the physical layer. The outer code may beimplemented (e.g., in software or firmware) in a manner to minimize theimpact on the physical layer design. This would then allow the outercode to be implemented in conjunction with existing chip sets that donot support the outer code at the physical layer.

The outer code provides additional error correction capability for MBMS.This is achieved by inserting additional data blocks at regularintervals, which allows the UEs to correct up to a certain number oferrors in the frames over which the additional data blocks have beencomputed. The outer code is beneficial when the errors do not occur inbursts, and therefore the outer code should cover a long transmissiontime. The time covered by the outer code should also be selected byconsidering the buffering capability of the UEs and transmission delays.

In an aspect, the outer code is designed with the ability to accommodatevariable rate and possibly intermittent transmission. This design wouldthen provide flexibility in the delivery of MBMS services.

The outer code may be implemented based on any linear block code such asa Reed-Solomon code (which is commonly used for data transmission), aHamming code, a BCH (Bose, Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem) code, or someother code. In an embodiment, the outer code is implemented with asystematic block code, whereby an encoded data block includes (1) asystematic portion composed of the uncoded data and (2) a parity portioncomposed of parity bits. The outer code may also be implemented withother types of codes (e.g., CRC, convolutional codes, Turbo codes, andso on), and this is within the scope of the invention.

An (N, K) linear block encoder codes each block of K data symbols (inaccordance with a particular set of polynomials if it is a cyclic code)to provide a corresponding codeword of N code symbols. Each symbolcomprises one or more bits, with the specific number of bits beingdependent on the particular code selected for use. The minimum distanceD of the code determines the erasure and error correction capability ofthe block code, and the code parameters (N, K) determine the memoryrequirement. It is known that an (N, K) block code can simultaneouslycorrect for T symbol errors and F erasures in a given codeword, where Tand F conform to the condition (2T+F)≦(D−1).

In W-CDMA, services are assigned transport channels, which are logicalchannels at the higher layer. Each frame of MBMS data is initiallycomposed (or generated) at the higher layer and is designated fortransmission over a transmission time interval (TTI). However, a framemay also be defined to be some other unit of data, and this is withinthe scope of the invention. The TTI corresponds to the time intervalover which data for the frame is interleaved. In W-CDMA, a different TTImay be selected for each transport channel. The transport channels atthe higher layer are then mapped onto physical channels at the physicallayer. Various outer code designs are described below with reference toW-CDMA.

FIG. 4A is a diagram illustrating a first outer code design, wherebyzero padding is used for each frame to facilitate variable-rate outercoding. The block coding is performed based on a 2-dimensional M×Nmatrix (or coding block). This matrix is a visual (or logical)representation for the block of data to be coded by the outer code. Thematrix may be implemented in a buffer (e.g., memory 232 in FIG. 2). Forthe first outer code design, M corresponds to the maximum number of bitsthat may be transmitted in any given frame of MBMS data.

As shown in FIG. 4A, the information bits for the frames are written rowby row into the M×N matrix. For this outer code design, each frame ofinformation bits is written to a respective row of the matrix (i.e., oneframe per row), and a total of K frames are written to the matrix. Ifthe size of any frame is smaller than M, then the remaining portion ofthe corresponding row is filled with padding bits, which may be allzeros, all ones, or some other pre-defined or known bit pattern. Thepadding bits are not transmitted over-the-air on the downlink, and areonly used to generate the parity bits.

An outer encoder then generates L additional rows of parity bits basedon the K rows of data (which are referred to as systematic rows), whereL=N−K. For block coding, each column of K symbols in the coding block iscoded with a selected (N, K) linear block code to provide acorresponding codeword of N symbols. Depending on the block codeselected for use, each symbol may include one or more bits. For asystematic block code, the first K rows in the coding block are the datarows and the remaining (N-K) rows in the coding block are the parityrows generated by the outer block encoder based on the K data rows.Thus, N corresponds to the number of rows in the coding block, whichincludes both the systematic and parity rows. The K frames of data bitsand the L rows of parity bits are sent over-the-air on the downlink.

For W-CDMA, each frame in a coding block is further processed at thephysical layer to provide a corresponding coded frame that is thentransmitted over-the-air to the UEs. As one of the processing steps atthe physical layer, a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code is generatedfor each frame based on the information bits for the frame. The CRC codemay be used by the UEs to determine whether the frame has been receivedcorrectly or in error (i.e., erased).

The outer block decoding at the UEs may be performed with the use of theCRC code transmitted for each row. In particular, each received frame inthe coding block may be checked to determine whether it is good orerased. If all K frames in the coding block have been receivedcorrectly, then the outer block decoding does not need to be performedand the parity rows may be skipped. If at least one frame in the codingblock is erased and can be corrected by the block code, then asufficient number of parity rows may be received and used in the blockdecoding to correct the errors in the erased rows. And if the number oferased frames in the coding block is greater than the error correctingcapability of the block code, then the block coding may be skipped andan error message may be sent. Alternatively, other techniques may beattempted to block decode the erased frames.

Block coding and decoding are described in further detail in thefollowing U.S. patent applications, which are all assigned to theassignee of the present application and incorporated herein byreference:

-   -   U.S. Pat. No. 6,986,092, entitled “Erasure-and-Single-Error        Correction Decoder for Linear Block Codes,” issued Jan. 10,        2006;    -   Publication No. US2003/0035389, entitled “Method and System for        Utilization of an Outer Decoder in a Broadcast Services        Communication System,” published Feb. 20, 2003; and    -   Publication No. US 2003/0072384, entitled “Method and System for        Reduction of Decoding Complexity in a Communication System,”        published Apr. 17, 2003.

FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating a second outer code design, wherebyzero padding is used for each frame to facilitate variable-rate outercoding and only “useful” parity bits are sent over-the-air on thedownlink. For this outer code design, M may be selected based on themaximum number of bits that may be transmitted in a TTI for a givenframe of MBMS data. For some coding blocks, each of the K frames in thecoding block includes less than M bits (i.e., padding is used for all Kframes in the coding block).

As shown in FIG. 4B, the largest frame among the K systematic framesincludes M_(max) bits, where M_(max)<M. The block coding may beperformed column-wise, similar to the first outer code design. However,only the first M_(max) columns include information bits, and the paritybits generated for these information bits may be used for errorcorrection at the UEs. The remaining M−M_(max) columns include padding,and the parity bits are generated based on the padding bits and do notcarry any useful information. Thus, for the second outer code design,only M_(max) columns of parity bits (i.e., the left M_(max)×L portion ofparity bits) are transmitted over-the-air, and the remaining (M−M_(max))columns of parity bits (i.e., the right (M−M_(max))×L portion of paritybits) are not transmitted.

The first and second outer code designs are well suited for animplementation whereby the MBMS data is mapped onto a dedicated channel(dedicated in the sense that the code resource is constantly allocatedto the MBMS service). At the UEs, there is no ambiguity regarding there-construction of the M×N matrix, since a new frame is received everyTTI and written to the corresponding row in the matrix. An ambiguitythat may arise relates to the size of each received frame (i.e., thetransport block set size, M_(k)), which depends on the instantaneousrate of the frame. Since the error rate of the rate detection should below (e.g., well below 1%), this ambiguity should not pose an issue.

As shown in FIG. 4B, the ratio of the largest frame size to averageframe size may be large. This would then result in a large portion ofthe M×N matrix being filled with padding bits. In this case, arelatively large number of parity bits may be transmitted for arelatively small number of information bits. This would then result inan inefficient use of the available bits.

FIG. 4C is a diagram illustrating a third outer code design, whereby aframe may be written to multiple rows of the matrix and the block codingis dependent on the number of systematic rows in the matrix. For thisdesign, the size of the matrix (or more specifically, the number ofrows) is variable and dependent on the size of the input frames. Forthis design, M is selected as a value that may be smaller than M_(max).For example, M may be selected to be equal to the average number of bitsper frame instead of the maximum number of bits expected to be receivedfor a frame.

Similar to the first and second outer code designs, the information bitsfor the frames are written row-by-row into the matrix. Each frame thatis larger than M bits is written in multiple consecutive rows of thematrix, in a wrap-around fashion, with the unused portion of the lastrow being padded so that each frame covers an integer number of rows. Asshown in FIG. 4C, frame 3 includes more than M bits and is written torows 3 and 4, with the unused portion of row 4 being filled with paddingbits. For this design, the number of frames transmitted over-the-air foreach coding block is constant, and K frames are written to K′ rows,where K′≧K .

Block coding is then performed column-wise, similar to the first andsecond schemes. However, an (N′, K′) linear block code is used toprovide a codeword of N′ symbols for each column, where N′≧N . In oneembodiment, N′ may be selected as N′=K′+L′, where L′≧L. In anotherembodiment, N′ may be selected as N′=K′+L. If N′=K′+L, then the samenumber of (L) parity bits is used for K′ information bits. In this case,if the number of information bits is increased (i.e., K′>K), then theblock code is weakened from (N, K) to (N′, K′).

To account for the weakened block code (i.e., when K′ K), thetransmitter may use higher transmit power for the higher-rate frames(i.e., those frames that span multiple rows). Alternatively, highertransmit power may be used for all frames in the larger-size codingblock.

If the higher-rate frames are erased at a UE, then the UE may not knowthe structure of the coding block (i.e., which frames belong to whichrows) without explicit information. The explicit signaling regarding thecoding block structure may be sent to the UEs using various mechanisms.

In a first mechanism, explicit signaling is implemented using the TFCIhard split mode defined by W-CDMA. The TFCI is indicative of the set andformat of transport blocks multiplexed in a transmission interval. Onetransport format combination set (TFCS) may be used for the systematicbits and another TFCS may be used for the parity bits. The TFCI wouldeffectively inform the UEs whether data is for the systematic or paritybits. In a second mechanism, one sub-set of the transport format set(TFS) may be used for the systematic bits and another sub-set of the TFSmay be used for the parity bits. In a third mechanism, explicitsignaling is implemented by using different transport channels for thesystematic and parity bits. The TFCI would be different for thetransport channels used for the systematic and parity bits. In a fourthmechanism, explicit signaling is implemented with a header in eachframe, which indicates whether or not the frame includes systematic orparity bits. In a fifth mechanism, explicit signaling is implemented bydefining new slot structures with in-band signaling of the bit category.Other mechanisms for implementing explicit signaling of the coding blockstructure may also be implemented, and this is within the scope of theinvention.

For the third outer code design, the UEs may wrongly detect thetransport format for a coding block with one or more wrap-around frames(i.e., K frames in K′ rows) to be another transport format for a matrixwith no wrap-around frames with a different number of rows (i.e., Kframes in K rows). If this happens, then the input data buffer at theUEs may be corrupted and out of synchronization with the data buffer atthe network side. To avoid this, the parity bits (or the number of thesebits) may be explicitly signaled (e.g., by the network) such that theUEs may be able to re-synchronize its data buffer when such situationsoccur. The explicit signaling of parity bit information may be performedusing any of the mechanisms described above for signaling blockstructure information.

FIG. 4D is a diagram illustrating a fourth outer code design, whereby aframe may be written to multiple rows of the M×N matrix and the sameblock code is used for each coding block. For this design, the size ofthe matrix is fixed, and M may also be selected to be smaller thanM_(max) (e.g., M=the average number of bits per frame).

Similar to the previous designs, the information bits for the frames arewritten row-by-row into the matrix. Each frame that is larger than Mbits is written in multiple consecutive rows of the M×N matrix, in awrap-around fashion, with the unused portion of the last row beingpadded so that each frame covers an integer number of rows. For thisdesign, up to K frames (i.e., K−i frames, where i≧0) are written to Krows of the matrix. Block coding is then performed column-wise using an(N, K) linear block code to provide a codeword of N symbols for eachcolumn. The M×N matrix thus includes M rows of systematic bits and Lrows of parity bits.

Similar to the third outer code design, the UEs may wrongly detect thetransport format for a coding block with one or more wrap-around frames.If this happens, then the UE input data buffer may be corrupted and outof synchronization with the network data buffer. Explicit signalingregarding the block structure and/or the parity bits may be sent usingthe various explicit signaling mechanisms described above. In this way,the UEs may be able to re-synchronize its buffer when a mis-detection ofthe transport format occurs.

FIG. 4E is a diagram illustrating a fifth outer code design, whereby aframe may be written to multiple rows of the M×N matrix and differentblock codes may be used depending on the frames in the coding block. Fora coding block with frames of varying lengths, higher-rate frames in thecoding block may be more prone to erroneous reception (i.e., areassociated with higher frame error rates). To ensure similar quality ofservice (QoS) when more bits are sent for a given frame, more redundancymay be provided for the coding block when there are one or morehigher-rate frames in the coding block.

Similar to the other designs described above, the information bits forthe frames are written row-by-row into the matrix. Each frame that islarger than M bits is written in multiple consecutive rows of thematrix, in a wrap-around fashion, with the unused portion of the lastrow being padded so that each frame covers an integer number of rows.For example, frame 4 is written to rows 4 and 5 of the matrix. For thisdesign, up to K frames are written to the K rows in the matrix.

Block coding is then performed column-wise using an (N″, K) linear blockcode to provide a codeword of N″ symbols for each column, where N″ N andN″ may be dependent on whether or not the coding block includes one ormore larger-sized frames that occupy multiple rows. If none of theframes wraps around, then N″ may be selected as N″=N. And if at leastone frame wraps around and occupies multiple rows, then N″ may beselected as N″=N+j, where j denotes the additional redundancy to ensuresimilar QoS for the larger-sized frame(s) in the coding block.

The M×N″ matrix includes M rows of systematic bits and L+j rows ofparity bits, where j≧0. Thus, j extra rows of parity bits are generated.In one embodiment, two possible block codes (N, K) and (N″, K) aredefined. The (N, K) block code is used if no frames wrap around, and the(N″, K) block code is used if at least one frame wraps around. Inanother embodiment, a set of more than two block codes is defined, andblock codes with greater redundancy are used for coding blocks withgreater number of larger-sized frames.

In an embodiment, the L+j parity rows are sent one row per frame. Inanother embodiment, the parity rows may be sent one or more rows perframe

For the outer code designs shown in FIGS. 4A through 4E, a variablenumber of information bits may be written to each row of a matrix(depending on the size of the frame) and the remaining bits in each roware padded. The block coding is then performed column-wise based on aselected block code. As shown in FIGS. 4A through 4E, different numberof information bits may be used in the block coding for each column. Inparticular, the number of information bits per column is likely todecrease toward the right side of the matrix because of the use ofpadding for smaller-sized frames. Thus, there is an uneven distributionof parity bits to information bits across the columns of the matrix,which may then correspond to different error correcting capabilities forthe different columns.

FIG. 4F is a diagram illustrating a sixth outer code design, whereby aframe may be written to one or more rows of an M×N matrix and no paddingis used except for the last frame in the matrix.

Similar to the other designs described above, the information bits forthe frames are written row-by-row into the matrix, starting at the upperleft corner of the matrix. However, no padding is used to fill out therow for each frame. If the frame includes less than M bits, then theinformation bits for the next frame are written to the next availablebit position. For example, frame 1 is written to the first portion ofrow 1, and frame 2 is written in the remaining portion of row 1 andcontinuing onto row 2. Conversely, each frame that is larger than M bitsmay be written in multiple consecutive rows of the matrix, in awrap-around fashion. For example, frame 5 is written to rows 3 and 4 ofthe matrix. For this design, K* frames are written to the K rows in thematrix, where K* may be equal to, greater than, or less than K,depending on the size of the frames in the coding block.

Block coding is then performed column-wise using an (N*, K) linear blockcode to provide a codeword of N* symbols for each column. N* may beselected to be equal to N (i.e., N*=N), or may be dependent on whetheror not the coding block includes one or more larger-sized frames thatoccupy multiple rows.

Explicit signaling regarding the block structure and/or the parity bitsmay be sent using the various mechanisms described above. This explicitinformation may be used by the UEs to re-synchronize its input databuffer when a mis-detection of the transport format occurs.

The outer code designs shown in FIGS. 4C-4F provide several advantages.First, these designs allow for the design/selection of an outer codebased on average throughput without compromising the ability to handlehigher peak rates (by writing a larger-sized frame to multiple rows).Second, these designs allow the network to flush the buffer at any time(e.g., by padding the remaining rows, generating the parity bits, andtransmitting the useful systematic and parity bits). For example, thenetwork may flush the buffer in case of buffer under-run due to IPcongestion.

G. Power Control

One of the objectives of MBMS services is to make efficient use of theradio resources when transmitting the same content to more than one UEwithin the same cell. The different types of MBMS services may bedifferentiated by various factors such as, for example, (1) the size ofthe audience, which may be related to pricing, (2) the quality ofservice (QoS) requirements, which may be related to the type of serviceand pricing, and (3) service traceability, which may be related toaccess/charging. Some services may be free and thus open to a largenumber of users. These services may be broadcast services and mayinclude, for example, advertisements, TV channel re-broadcast, weatherreports, and so on. Other services may have limited audience and strictQoS requirements. These services are referred to multicast services andmay include, for example, pay-per-view movies/sports, group call, and soon.

For broadcast services, a broadcast channel (e.g., the FACH on theS-CCPCH) transmitted at a constant power on the downlink, withoccasional RACH transmissions on the uplink, may be sufficient. Formulticast services, it may be necessary to implement one or morefeedback mechanisms in order to ensure the required QoS. As the numberof users decreases, it becomes more efficient to use a dedicated channel(as oppose to a common channel) for multicast service because of theadded efficiency of fast power control available for the dedicatedchannel.

Fast power control of a dedicated channel for a UE on the downlink maybe implemented as follows. The dedicated channel is transmitted by thecell at an initial transmit power level that is estimated to besufficient for reliable reception by the targeted UE. The UE receivesthe dedicated channel, measures the signal strength of the receiveddedicated channel and/or some other downlink transmission (e.g., apilot), compares the received signal strength against a threshold (whichis often referred to as a setpoint), and provides an UP command if thereceived signal strength is less than the setpoint or a DOWN command ifthe received signal strength is greater than the setpoint. The signalstrength may be quantified by a signal-to-noise-and-interference ratio(SNR) or an energy-per-chip-to-total-noise ratio (Ec/Nt) of the pilotand/or some other downlink transmission. The setpoint may be adjusted toachieve a particular desired block error rate (BLER) for the downlinktransmission. An UP or DOWN is determined for each power controlinterval and sent back to the cell, which then adjusts the transmitpower of the dedicated channel either up or down accordingly.

A uplink power control mechanism may also be implemented to control thetransmit power of the uplink transmission (e.g., the power controlcommands) sent by the UE. This uplink power control mechanism may beimplemented similar to the fast power control mechanism for the downlinkdedicated channel, and a transmit power control (TPC) stream may betransmitted to the UE to adjust its uplink transmit power. If fast powercontrol is implemented for multicast service, then power controlinformation may be sent on the downlink to each UE in the groupreceiving the multicast service to adjust their uplink transmission.

As used herein, a TPC stream may include power control information ofany form. For example, a TPC stream may include a stream of powercontrol bits, one bit for each power control interval, with each bitindicating whether an increase (i.e., an UP command) or a decrease(i.e., a DOWN command) in transmit power is desired for the datatransmission (or physical channel) being power controlled. Other typesof power control commands may also be transmitted, and this is withinthe scope of the invention. The power control information may also betransmitted in other forms, and this is also within the scope of theinvention. For example, the received signal strength (or SNR) at the UEmay be reported back to the cells and used for power control. As anotherexample, the maximum rate that may be supported by the communicationchannel, as estimated at the UE, may be reported back to the cells andused for power control and/or other purposes.

Downlink Physical Channel Models

For a multicast service, the same service data or content is transmittedto a group of UEs. In a straightforward implementation, the service datamay be transmitted to each UE using a different physical channel. Evenif each such physical channel is individually power controlled, any timethere is more than one user, a significant level of duplication existsbecause the same information is transmitted in parallel to multiple UEs.

In order to avoid this duplication, a radio configuration (RC) that liesin-between a full-fledged broadcasting scheme and the standard dedicatedchannel scheme may be defined and used for multicast. For this new radioconfiguration, the power control information may be sent on the uplinkby the UEs, in similar manner as for the dedicated channels. However, onthe downlink, the service data would be transmitted on a single physicalchannel and received by all the UEs in the multicast group. A newdownlink transport channel may be defined for the transmission ofmulticast service data and which may be jointly power controlled by agroup of UEs. This downlink transport channel is referred to as adownlink multicast channel (DMCH).

The physical channel associated with the DMCH is the physical downlinkmulticast channel (PDMCH). For a multicast service, a single PDMCH maybe set up for all the UEs in the group designated to receive theservice. This physical channel may be put in soft hand-over to achievethe same QoS as for other dedicated channels. However, it should benoted that the active set need not be the same for all the UEs in thegroup. The active set of a particular UE is a list of all cells fromwhich that UE currently receives transmissions. The set of cells fromwhich this physical channel is transmitted is a super-set of all theactive sets of the UEs in the corresponding multicast group.

FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating a channel model for the simultaneousreception of a multicast channel (DMCH) and a dedicated channel (DCH) ata UE in soft hand-over. The transport channels DMCH and DCH areassociated with the physical channels PDMCH and DPCH, respectively.

In this example, the UE is in soft hand-over and receives transmissionsfrom three cells. For the multicast channel, the same service data istransmitted on the PDMCH from all three cells. The PDMCH may beimplemented using code division multiplexing (CDM) and may includemultiple codes, each of which is represented as a “Phy CH” in FIG. 5A.When multiple codes are used, the CCTrCH is mapped onto multiple DPCHswith same spreading factor. In that case, only the first DPCH carries aDPCCH, and each remaining DPCH includes DTX bits in the DPCCH (and sincethe DTX bits are not transmitted, only the DPDCH for these remainingDPCHs is transmitted). The data received on the PDMCH from the threecells is multiplexed (block 512) to form a coded composite transportchannel (CCTrCH), which is further decoded and demultiplexed (block 510)to provide the decoded data for the one or more transport channels usedfor the multicast service.

For the dedicated channel, data is transmitted on the DPCH from allthree cells. Similarly, the DPCH may be implemented using CDM and mayinclude multiple codes, each of which is also represented as a Phy CH inFIG. 5A. Each cell further transmits on the control portion (DPCCH) ofthe DPCH (1) a TPC stream used to adjust the transmit power of theuplink transmission from the UE and (2) the TFCI used for the DPCH. Thedata received on the DPCH from the three cells is multiplexed (block522) to form a coded composite transport channel, which is furtherdecoded and demultiplexed (block 520) to provide the decoded data forthe dedicated channel.

For the dedicated channel, pilot and/or power control information on theDPCCH (e.g., the TPC stream) transmitted by the cell may be processed bythe UE to determine the quality of the downlink transmission. Thisquality information is used to form an (uplink) TPC stream that istransmitted from the UE back to the cell. The cell then adjusts thetransmit power of the downlink DPCH transmitted to the UE based on theuplink TPC stream received from the UE.

Correspondingly, the transmit power of the UE is adjusted by the cell toachieve the desired target. Since different cells may received the UEwith different quality, different (downlink) TPC streams are used toadjust the transmit power of the UE to the three cells.

In an embodiment, if the UE is simultaneously receiving both the DMCHand DCH on the downlink, then the (uplink) power control informationsent on the uplink DPCCH is used to adjust the transmit power of boththe PDMCH and DPCH on the downlink, as described in further detailbelow.

FIG. 5B is a diagram illustrating a channel model for the reception ofonly a multicast channel (DMCH) at a UE in soft hand-over. In this case,the dedicated information sent on the downlink may only include higherlayer signaling and power control. An efficient way to send powercontrol information for multiple UEs using a minimum amount of codespace is to time-division-multiplexed the information for these multipleUEs onto the same physical channel, similar to the CPCCH channel used incdma2000 (IS-2000 Rev A). Since the volume of higher layer signaling islimited, this signaling may be sent on the DMCH. If the signaling/powercontrol is TDM-combined on a single DMCH, then a MAC header may be usedto identify the specific UE for which the data is intended. A specificMAC-ID may be used for the multicast data, which is intended for all theUEs in the group.

As shown in FIG. 5B, the UE is in soft hand-over and receivestransmissions from three cells. The data received on the PDMCH from thethree cells is multiplexed (block 532) to form a coded compositetransport channel, which is further decoded and demultiplexed (block530) to provide the decoded data for the multicast service. In anembodiment, the TPC streams (i.e., the power control information) fromthe three cells are received on a power control physical channel (PCPCH)in a time-division multiplexed manner. The PCPCH is a new physicalchannel defined for W-CDMA. This power control information is then usedto adjust the uplink transmit power by the UE.

Uplink Physical Channel Models

FIG. 5C is a diagram illustrating a channel model for the dedicatedchannel on the uplink. The physical channel model for the uplink is thesame, independent of whether or not a DPCH is used on the downlink. Inan embodiment, only one uplink TPC stream is included on the physicalchannel and used for all the downlink physical channels.

As shown in FIG. 5C, data to be transmitted on the uplink is coded andmultiplexed (block 540) to form a coded composite transport channel,which is further demultiplexed and split (block 542) to provide one ormore physical channel data streams for one or more physical channels.The uplink TPC stream is also multiplexed on the control portion of thephysical channel transmitted from the UE.

Power Control of a Common Channel

The transmit power of a common channel (e.g., the multicast channel)transmitted to a group of UEs may be adjusted to reflect the powerrequirements of all the UEs in the group. The transmit power for thecommon channel will then be the envelope of the power requirements ofall the UEs in the group. In contrast, the transmit power of the PCPCHor the DPCH (if one is configured) only needs to reach the targeted UEand is adjusted based on this single UE's power requirement. Thetransmit powers for the common and dedicated channels will thustypically evolve independently.

Various power control schemes may be implemented to adjust the transmitpowers of the common and dedicated channels, given that these channelsmay be associated with different power requirements by the targeted UEs.Some of these schemes are described below. Other schemes may also beimplemented, and this is within the scope of the invention.

In a first power control scheme, the transmit powers of the common anddedicated channels are adjusted based on a single TPC stream sent byeach targeted UE on the uplink. For this scheme, a single power controlcommand is sent on the uplink for each power control interval for boththe common and dedicated channels. For each power control interval, thepower control commands for the common channel (PCPCH) and the dedicatedchannel (PCPCH or DPCH) may each be determined in the normal mannerbased on the received signal strength and the setpoint for thecorresponding channel, as described above. The two power controlcommands for the two channels may then be combined using the“OR-of-the-UP” commands rule to provide a single (or joint) powercontrol command for the two channels. In particular, the joint powercontrol command is an UP command if any of the channels requires anincrease in transmit power. Otherwise, the joint power control commandis a DOWN command. Thus, if either of the two channels does not meet itstarget, the UE would request an increase in transmit power.

For the first scheme, the transmit power of the dedicated physicalchannel (PCPCH or DPCH) may be determined based directly on the powercontrol command sent by the UE on the uplink, similar to that performedfor the regular DPCH. The transmit power for the common channel may bedetermined as follows.

At the network, a fixed power requirement offset between the dedicatedchannel (PCPCH or DPCH) and the common channel (PDMCH) for each UE isinitially selected. This offset may be dependent on various factors. Onesuch factor is the number of sectors in the UE's active set, which maybe used to account for the fact that the power control bits are onlytransmitted from one cell. The offset for a given UE may thus beselected from multiple available offsets, if the offsets are dependenton the size of the UE's active set. In this case, the offsetcorresponding to the current active set size of the UE would be selectedby the network. Under-estimating this offset would only result intransmitting the power control channel (on the PCPCH) at a higher powerlevel than necessary.

Based on this offset and the current value of the transmit power neededfor the dedicated channel (PCPCH or DPCH), the transmit powerrequirement of each user for the common channel (PDMCH) is thendetermined. The actual transmit power for the common channel by eachcell may then be set to the maximum of the transmit powers required byall the UEs that include this cell in their active set. This will thenresult in the transmit power for the common channel being set equal tothe envelope of the transmit powers required by all the UEs.

The fixed power requirement offset between the dedicated and commonchannels may be initially estimated for each UE such that these channelsmay be reliably received by the UE. The initial estimate of the offsetmay not be optimal, and an outer loop may be implemented to adjust thisoffset. In particular, each UE may adjust the setpoints for the commonand dedicated channels such that the target BLERs are achieved for bothof these channels. The difference between the two setpoints (e.g., theDMCH setpoint and the PCPCH setpoint) may then be sent to the network,which may then adjust the fixed power requirement offset between the twochannels based on the setpoint differences received for all the UEs.Without the offset adjustment via the outer loop, one of the channelswould be transmitted at a higher power level than necessary to achievethe required BLER. It should be noted that the offset adjustment (i.e.,signaling the outer loop setpoints to the network) may be performed at aslower rate than the outer loop adjustment in order to reduce the amountof signaling.

In a second power control scheme, each UE that concurrently receives thecommon and dedicated channels transmits two TPC streams, one for thecommon channel and one for the dedicated channel. Each TPC stream may bederived as described above based on the received signal strength for thecorresponding channel and the setpoint for that channel. In oneembodiment, the two TPC streams may be transmitted on two power controlsub-channels implemented using the TPC field in the DPCCH of the DPCHtransmitted by the UE. In another embodiment, the two TPC streams may betransmitted on two power control sub-channels implemented using two TPCfields in the DPCCH. Other means for transmitting the two TPC streamsmay also be implemented, and this is within the scope of the invention.The transmit power for the dedicated channel (DPCH) may then be adjusteddirectly based on the TPC stream for that channel. The transmit powerfor the common channel (PDMCH) may be adjusted based on the TPC streamsreceived from all the UEs designated to receive that channel (e.g.,using the “OR-of-the-UP” commands rule described above).

The implementation of multiple power control sub-channels is describedin detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,996,069, entitled “Method and Apparatus forControlling Transmit Power of Multiple Channels in a CDMA CommunicationSystem,” issued Feb. 7, 2006, which is assigned to the assignee of thepresent application and incorporated herein by reference.

Power control for point-to-multipoint services is also described infurther detail in U.S. Publication No. 2003-0134655, entitled “PowerControl for Point-to-Multipoint Services Provided in CommunicationSystems,” published Jul. 17, 2003, which is assigned to the assignee ofthe present application and incorporated herein by reference. Techniquesfor implementing the outer loop are described in further detail in U.S.Pat. No. 6,983,166, entitled “Power Control for a Channel with MultipleFormats in a Communication System,” issued Jan. 3, 2006, which isassigned to the assignee of the present application and incorporatedherein by reference.

Hand-over

Because multiple UEs may be in soft-hand-over between different sets ofcells, the timing of the PDMCH cannot be modified in order to align theradio-links for any one UE. This architecture may therefore only be usedwhen the network is synchronous or quasi-synchronous.

For simultaneous reception of a multicast channel (PDMCH) and adedicated channel (DPCH), the active set may be assumed to be the samefor both channels. The active set is typically linked to the receivedenergy of the common pilots (Ecp/Nt). Thus, for a given UE, when a DPCHis set up in parallel with the PDMCH, the active set is the same forboth channels. The power offset between the two channels may then bederived based on the difference in data rate, QoS, TTI length, and soon, for the two channels. The power offset does not need to be linked tothe size of the active set for each channel since they are the same.

Although the active sets are the same for both the common and dedicatedchannels, it is possible that the transmit power for the PDMCH from thedifferent cells in the active is different. This is because the set ofUEs that include these different cells in their active sets are not thesame, and thus the transmit powers for these cells will evolveindependently. However, because the transmit power for the PDMCH is anenvelope of the required powers for the targeted UEs, the powertransmitted by each of the cells in a UE's active set will be at leastas high as what is required by that UE. Thus, the reliability of theDMCH will likely improve relative to that of the DPCH when the UE is insoft-handoff.

For reception of only a multicast channel, when no DPCH is needed, theonly dedicated physical channel received on the downlink are the PCPCHs.These physical channels are sent by each of the cells in the UE's activeset. The OVSF code and time offset used for the power control bit sentto the UE by each cell may be configured by higher layer signaling.

Because the PCPCH channels are not soft-combined (due to different powercontrol bits being sent by each cell), the power offset between thePCPCHs channels and the PDMCH may be made a function of the size of theUE's active set. Power offsets such as that used in IS-95 betweendedicated channel bits and power control bits (e.g., 0 dB, 3 dB, and 5dB for no soft hand-over, 2-way soft hand-over, and 3-waysoft-hand-over, respectively) may be used for the PCPCHs and PDMCH.

Thus, power control may or may not be used for MBMS transmission,depending on various factors noted above. Fast power control or channelselection may be implemented on a per UE basis if the number of UEsreceiving the MBMS transmission is not too large. A group of UEs mayjointly power control a physical channel used to transmit MBMS data(i.e., MBMS channel) using, for example, the “OR-of-the-Up” commandsrule whereby the transmit power for the MBMS channel is increased if anyUE requests an increase.

With joint power control of an MBMS channel, the benefits of fast powercontrol may be greatly reduced as the dynamic range of the joint channelis reduced by statistical averaging. In addition, fast power controlrequires dedicated downlink and uplink resources. For a broadcastservice, the allocation of dedicated resource to each UE activelyreceiving the MBMS channel may result in very high code and power usagewith diminishing benefits as the number of active UEs increases.However, joint power control may be beneficial for a multicast service,which covers a transmission to a smaller number of UEs.

Even when fast power control is not used for the MBMS channel, the UEmay report the quality of the MBMS service, which may thereafter be usedfor various purposes. The reporting may be performed on a statisticalbasis (e.g., a subset of all UEs may report service qualityinformation), on a per-event basis (e.g., the UEs may report the servicequality information when experiencing QoS below a certain threshold), oron demand by the network. The reporting of service quality informationis described in further detail below.

H. Measurement/Quality Control

MBMS may be implemented without any closed loop procedure (e.g., no fastpower control) to adjust MBMS transmission, except possibly for the RRCrelated procedures associated with multicast. However, it may still bedesirable to monitor the quality of the MBMS services received by theUEs. This service quality information may be used to adjust variousprocesses related to the transmission of MBMS services. For example, thenetwork may adjust the power allocated to a particular broadcast ormulticast service to maintain a particular average quality of service inthe cell or service area. This would then allow the network to minimizethe amount of power allocated to each MBMS service while still ensuringthat the grade of service meets the target.

The service quality information may be collected from the UEs usingvarious collection and reporting schemes.

In a first scheme, which is also referred to as command reporting, theUEs are specifically commanded by the network to collect and/or reportcertain measurements. In general, any number of UEs may be selected toreport any measurements. For example, the network may request UEsreceiving a particular MBMS service to report a particular measurement(e.g., the transport channel block error rate). The request may be sentto the UEs via signaling. For example, the request may be sent on atransport channel that is multiplexed with the one or more transportchannels used for MBMS data to form a coded composite transport channel(CCTrCH).

The reporting may be aperiodic (e.g., based on a schedule) or periodic(e.g., with the reporting interval being provided with the request). Theterminal may report the measurements until directed by the network toterminate. The reporting may also be on-demand (i.e., whenever commandby the network).

In a second scheme, which is also referred to as statistical reporting,service quality information is collected from a selected group of UEsinstead of all UEs. Since there may be a large number of UEs receiving aparticular MBMS service, requesting all UEs to report a particularmeasurement (e.g., block error rate) may result in an excessive amountof overhead traffic associated with the measurement reporting. To reduceoverhead traffic, only certain UEs may be selected for reporting. TheUEs may be randomly selected, for example, (1) by hashing a particularID assigned to each UE or user, (2) by comparing a random variableassigned to each UE to a threshold set by the network, or (3) based onsome other selection scheme.

In a third scheme, which is also referred to as event-driven reporting,the UEs may be requested to report measurements upon occurrence ofcertain defined events. All or a subset of UEs may be requested toperform event-driven reporting. Moreover, any measurement may beselected for monitoring, and any threshold may be used to trigger thereporting.

For example, the network may request the UEs to report whenever theerror rate averaged over a particular measurement period is above acertain threshold. This would then allow the network to detect that aparticular UE is not receiving MBMS service with sufficient quality. Thenetwork may then increase the amount of transmit power allocated to thisMBMS service. This mechanism is especially suited for multicast serviceswhere a group of UEs in a particular location may receive a particularservice. Through the event-driven reporting, network resources (i.e.,transmit power) may be saved by not transmitting to cover the entirecell.

Other schemes may be implemented to collect service quality informationfrom the UEs, and this is within the scope of the invention. Moreover,any combination of these schemes may be used at any given moment. Forexample, for a particular MBMS service, a specific group of UEs may berandomly selected for statistical reporting, all UEs receiving theservice may be requested to perform event-driven reporting, and thoseUEs that report may be commanded by the network to collect and/or reportthe same or additional measurements.

When processing the reported measurements from the UEs, the network maytake into account other parameters that may affect the accuracy of themeasurements. Such parameters may include, for example, round-trip time,path-loss, network topology, and so on. The network may then selectivelydiscard or retain the reported measurements. For example, for UEslocated near the edge of an MBMS coverage area and are likely toexperience high error rate as they move away from the last serving cell,their reported measurements may be discarded by the network because thereported measurements may be more likely to be inaccurate because of thehigher error rate.

I. Transmission/Reception Generic Initialization Procedure

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of a process 600 for receivingMBMS service by a UE. The description for FIG. 6 assumes that thechannel structure for MBMS control information and service datadescribed above are used.

Initially, the UE obtains the system level MBMS information byprocessing system information blocks transmitted over the BCCH (step610). This system level MBMS information tells the UE where to look forother control information and service data. The UE obtains the AS andNAS MBMS control information from a common MBMS control channel, whichmay be the S-CCPCH (step 612). This control information informs the UEwhat services are available, the physical channels on which the servicesare transmitted, and the parameters for each logical and physicalchannel used for these services.

Upon obtaining the AS and NAS MBMS control information, the UE may enterinto a dedicated mode to negotiate additional access parameters (step614). The UE may also simply signal that it is starting to receivecertain services. Upon completion of the required tasks, the UE receivesservice-specific control information from the CCCH portion of thephysical channel on which the MBMS data is mapped (i.e., the MBMSchannel) (step 616). This information may include, for example, thesignaling for the outer code.

Upon receiving the service-specific control information, the UE receivesthe service data on the MBMS channel (step 618). Concurrently, the UEmonitors the CCCH portion of this channel for service-specific controlinformation. The UE also monitors the common MBMS control channel for ASand NAS MBMS control information, if this information is not repeated onthe MBMS channel or the DCCH when it is present.

For an initial acquisition (which may be performed the first time the UEreceives an MBMS service), the UE transitions through all five steps 610through 618 to obtain the necessary control information. For asubsequent acquisition (which may be performed, for example, whenswitching to a new MBMS service), the UE may only need to transitionthrough steps 612 through 618 (or just steps 614 through 618).

Other state diagrams may also be implemented, and this is within thescope of the invention.

Cell Coverage

MBMS services may be deployed in existing communication networks with anexisting cell layout. The deployment may be such that randomlydistributed UEs are able to receive MBMS services across entire cellswith a particular quality of service (QoS), although the QoS may not beguaranteed on a per user basis.

To reach the edge of a given cell from a single cell, a large amount oftransmit power is typically needed to achieve the desired QoS. Since itis likely that a given MBMS service will cover multiple cells (at leastin case of broadcast), the same MBMS data may be transmitted fromneighboring cells. Thus, to improve MBMS coverage and reduce the amountof transmit power needed to reach the cell edge, it would be highlyadvantageous to enable the UEs to combine MBMS transmissions receivedfrom multiple cells.

However, MBMS services are mapped on common channels, and mechanisms forperforming soft handover are defined for dedicated channels. Thus, it isnot possible to establish the common channels in soft hand-over usingthe currently available mechanisms for soft hand-over. If soft hand-overcannot be used for MBMS services, then MBMS coverage may be severelyimpacted.

Techniques are described herein to allow the UEs to combine MBMS framesfrom multiple cells to provide improved performance. The type ofcombining that may be performed at the UEs depends on the level ofsynchronization among the cells in the network and the bufferingcapability of the UEs, as described below. In order to limit thesignaling load, the combining may be performed without dedicatedsignaling, which is referred to herein as autonomous soft hand-over.

Autonomous Soft Hand-over

A UE may be located in a joint coverage area of two or more cells. Ifthese cells transmit the same MBMS data and if the timing for thesecells is known, then the UE may be able to receive and process the MBMSdata from multiple cells to provide improved performance. For example,the UE may combine frames of the same MBMS data (i.e., “corresponding”MBMS frames) from multiple cells and then decode the combined frames toimprove decoding performance. Alternatively, the UE may individuallydecode the corresponding MBMS frames received from multiple cells(without combining them) and then select one of the decoded frames basedon the results of the CRC check.

The transport blocks of MBMS data transmitted from multiple cells shouldbe the same to allow for the combining/selection of frames. In order toallow for finger-level combining (such as in soft hand-over), thetransmissions from different cells need to be the same on a per symbolbasis and mapped the same way on the CCTrCH. This may be ensured if allthe services mapped on a CCTrCH have the same MBMS area. Essentially,the data transmitted needs to be the same at the code symbol level inorder to allow for soft combining. One option in MBMS is to multiplexmultiple services on a single physical channel. If the services havedifferent coverage areas (i.e., a set of cells in which the service isavailable), then the requirement to have the exact same data at thephysical layer cannot be met in the cells that are not jointly coveredby both services.

With autonomous soft hand-over, the UE is able to autonomously determinethe cells from which it can receive and combine corresponding MBMSframes without having to exchange signaling with the cells. Thissignaling is typically required for soft or hard hand-over with otherdedicated services such as voice or packet data. Autonomous softhand-over may be advantageously employed for broadcast services toreduce the amount of overhead signaling for hand-over. Autonomous softhand-over is also possible because broadcast transmissions are intendedto be received by a large number of UEs, and are not adjusted forspecific UE.

Autonomous soft hand-over may be implemented if the UE is provided withinformation regarding the time offset or time difference between thecorresponding MBMS frames transmitted from neighboring cells. The timedifference between the transmissions from multiple cells to be combinedshould be within the processing and buffering capability of the UE.Thus, to support autonomous soft hand-over, the extent and level ofsynchronization among the cells and the minimum capability of the UE maybe defined such that the UE is able to combine the signals received frommultiple cells for autonomous soft-handover.

For W-CDMA, the cells in the network may be operated synchronously orasynchronously, with the choice of operation being determined by thenetwork operator. The level of synchronization between cells impacts theUE's ability to (1) identify “redundant” frames of MBMS data frommultiple cells (i.e., frames that may be combined or selected) and (2)combine or individually process these frames.

The level of cell synchronization may be defined as the time differencebetween the transmission times of the same MBMS transport block bydifferent cells. For simplicity, the MBMS blocks transmitted fromdifferent cells may be assumed to be transmitted over radio frames withthe same SFN number. If this assumption is not true or if the SFN of thecells are not synchronized, then an extra identification field and/or aprocedure may be implemented by the UE to detect which frames may becombined together. In any case, the UE is able to identify frames ofMBMS data that may be combined/selected from the transmissions receivedfrom various cells.

Table 2 lists different levels of synchronization among the cells in thenetwork, the means for identifying frames that may be combined, and thetechniques (or options) for combining the frames.

TABLE 2 Synchronization Level Identification Combining Options Withindeskew buffer capability Implicit Softer (i.e., soft hand-over) Within 5msec or half of MBMS Implicit Soft in parallel TrCH TTI Within UE softbuffer capability SFN Soft in parallel Within UE RLC buffer capabilitySFN Hard (i.e., selection) No synchronization SFN None (i.e., hardhand-over)

As shown in Table 2, the level of synchronization among the cells in thenetwork may be defined based on the capability of various buffers withinthe UE. The UE typically employs a rake receiver having a number ofdemodulation elements, which are commonly referred to as fingers. Eachfinger may be assigned to process a signal instance (or multipathcomponent) of sufficient strength. The multipath componentscorresponding to the same transmission may be combined prior todecoding. These multipath components may be received from the same cellvia multiple signal paths, or may be received from multiple cells. Inany case, since the multipath components may have different arrivaltimes at the UE, the outputs from the assigned fingers are provided to adeskew buffer. The deskew buffer properly time-aligns the symbols fromthe assigned fingers before these symbols are combined.

The UE also typically maintains an RLC buffer used to store data at theRLC layer. The RLC buffer is typically bigger than the deskew buffer andis designated to store a longer time period of data. If a given packetis received in error, then an ARQ signaling may be sent to the networkso that the erased packet may be retransmitted. The RLC buffer can thusstore a sufficient number of packets to account for the retransmissionof the erased packet.

The “soft buffer” is functionally the same as the deskew buffer.However, these buffers may be different in that a different quantizationlevel is selected for each of them (i.e., the number of bits torepresent a soft symbol value). These buffers typically also havedifferent sizes, with the soft buffer typically being larger than thedeskew buffer.

As also shown in Table 2, the corresponding frames of MBMS data that maybe combined/selected may be identified implicitly or based on the SFN.If the time difference between the cells is small, then MBMS framesreceived from multiple cells within a particular time period (e.g.,within half of the MBMS transport channel TTI) may be assumed to becorresponding frames. If the time difference is longer than that, thenthe SFN of the frame may be used to identify the corresponding MBMSframe.

The combining options listed in Table 2 are described below:

Softer. If the time difference between the transmissions from themultiple cells is sufficiently small, then the combining for softhand-over may be achieved by adjusting the timing of the deskew bufferat the UE. The transmissions from multiple cells may be assigneddifferent fingers. The outputs from these fingers may be time-aligned bythe deskew buffer and then combined. In this way, the transmissions frommultiple cells with sufficiently small time difference (i.e., within thecapability of the deskew buffer) may be handled in similar manner as thecombining performed by the UE for soft hand-over of a dedicated channel.

Soft in Parallel. If the time difference between transmissions frommultiple cells exceeds the capability of the deskew buffer, then thetransmissions from different cells overlap the deskew buffer and cannotbe combined as described above for softer combining. In this case, adifferent set of fingers may be assigned to process the transmissionfrom each cell. For each cell, the outputs from all fingers assigned toprocess the transmission from the cell may be combined together. This isequivalent to receiving multiple CCTrCH in parallel. The combinedresults from the multiple sets of fingers assigned to the multiple cellsmay then be combined. The combining of the combined results frommultiple cells may be performed as if the multiple sets of combinedresults corresponded to separate transmissions of the same block,similar to that performed in HSDPA.

Various techniques for combing multiple transmissions at the symbollevel and the frame level are described in detail in U.S. PatentPublication No. 2003/0139140, entitled “Selective Combining of MultipleNon-Synchronous Transmissions in a Wireless Communication System,”published Jul. 24, 2003, which is assigned to the assignee of thepresent application and incorporated herein by reference.

Hard. Soft combining is typically not possible if the time differencebetween the cells exceeds the deskew capability offered by the softbuffer capacity. If the RLC buffer can be used for combining purposes,then it may be possible to emulate an ARQ mechanism in the UE. Inparticular, if the CRC for an MBMS block does not check or the set ofcells to be received is not exhausted, then the UE may decode multipletransmissions from multiple cells in a serial manner, as if they weredifferent transmissions of the same block. If the MBMS transmission iscontinuous, then this processing scheme is equivalent to having the UEsupport parallel reception of multiple CCTrCH.

Techniques for performing hard combining is described in further detailin the aforementioned U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2003/0139140.

No Cell Synchronization. If there is no guarantee of at least some levelof cell synchronization (e.g., if the cells are operatedasynchronously), then the UE may not be able to combine MBMS blocks fromdifferent cells. This is because the UE would likely not have the memorycapacity to absorb the worst-case transmission delay of correspondingMBMS blocks from different cells. In this case, when the UE moves fromone cell to another, there may be either a gap or a repetition in MBMSdata transmission, as observed at the application layer, depending onthe magnitude and sign of the time difference between these cells. Ifcombining is not possible, then the system may transmit MBMS data withhigher power to ensure coverage at the cell edge.

Techniques for performing hand-over for broadcast is described infurther detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,731,936, entitled “Method and Systemfor a Handoff in a Broadcast Communication System,” issued May 4, 2004,which is assigned to the assignee of the present application andincorporated herein by reference.

J. Signaling Non Access Stratum (NAS) Signaling

MBMS may use the same signaling architecture defined for IMS. In theNAS, the SIP protocol (or an evolution of the SIP protocol) may be usedfor all the service related aspects. The NAS signaling may be the sameregardless of the air interface used by the Access Stratum (e.g., W-CDMAor GERAN). Some functions of the NAS signaling are as follows:

-   -   Service creation—to introduce a new MBMS content or a new        multicast group.    -   Service access—to receive MBMS content or join/leave a multicast        group.    -   Service restrictions—geographic (e.g., which areas carry a        specific MBMS content) or user-based (e.g., which subscribers        can access a specific content).    -   Service modification—an audio service may include an optional        still image or a video clip.    -   Service level priorities—some content could pre-empt other        content (e.g., emergency announcements have higher priority).    -   Service notification—to inform users of the MBMS content        available in the area.    -   Quality of Service—to inform user of the available QoS for a        specific MBMS content.    -   Security aspects—user authentication.

Access Stratum (AS) Signaling

AS signaling is specific to the air interface used to deliver the MBMSservice. For the W-CDMA air interface, the AS signaling main functionsare:

-   -   Mapping of the MBMS service to specific radio resources—        -   Unequal error protection with multiple radio bearers used by            the same MBMS content.        -   Selection of lower layer retransmission schemes and            retransmission parameters.    -   Handling of user mobility        -   Estimate of the number of UEs receiving a specific MBMS            content in each cell.        -   Use of point-to-point or point-to-multipoint radio bearers.    -   Reconfiguration of radio resources used for MBMS        -   Adaptation of radio resources to changes in the number of            UEs in a cell.        -   Adaptation of radio resources to changing service            requirements (e.g., video, still images).    -   Quality of Service over radio resources        -   Collection of block error rate (BLER) statistics from the            UEs in the cell.        -   Lower layer retransmission as a function of BLER as            perceived by the users in the cell.    -   Security aspects        -   Exchange of ciphering information. This function may            optionally be performed at higher layer by the application.    -   Support of autonomous soft hand-over procedure on        point-to-multipoint radio bearers.    -   Delivery of outer code parameters used in point-to-multipoint        radio bearers

The messages required to provide the above listed functions may be oftwo types:

Point-to-point signaling messages

-   -   Used to configure and maintain the point-to-point radio bearers.    -   The already defined DCCH may be used for these messages.

Point-to-multipoint signaling messages

-   -   Used to configure and maintain the point-to-multipoint radio        bearers    -   New point-to-multipoint logical channels may be defined for        these messages.

Most of the signaling and functions above may be implemented withextensions to the RRC protocol. The point-to-multipoint signaling mayrequire a change in the RRC signaling architecture.

Point-to-multipoint radio bearers are used to provide MBMS content whenthe amount of resources used by point-to-point radio bearers exceeds athreshold, which may be defined by a network operator. The networkoperator may also choose to use point-to-multipoint radio bearers if atleast one UE that subscribes to MBMS services is in the cell. Thedecisions as to which radio bearer to use may be dependent on the radioefficiency of the point-to-multipoint solution at the physical layer.

A broadcast address may be used to address all the UEs subscribed to aparticular broadcast content. Such a broadcast address may be unique foreach broadcast MBMS service offered in the PLMN. Moreover, a global(implicit) address may be used to address all the UEs subscribed to anyof the broadcast content offered in the PLMN. Multicast addresses may beused to address UEs involved in a multicast session.

Point-to-multipoint signaling messages may be sent over common transportchannels or dedicated transport channels. In general, dedicatedtransport channels offer greater reliability than common transportchannels, but also require more radio resources. Common transportchannels reach all the UEs at the same time, but their low reliabilitytypically requires a large amount of retransmissions. Apoint-to-multipoint signaling message may be periodically retransmittedwithout interruption. The message may be replaced by a new version ofthe same message, whenever its content changes. This approach is similarto the transmission of the System Information messages on the BCCH incertain releases of W-CDMA (i.e., R99, Re1-4, and Re1-5)

The mapping of common logical channels (for point-to-multipointsignaling) to dedicated transport channels may be implemented byextending the existing WCDMA signaling architecture. A main drawback ofthis scheme is that it is not suited to handle a large number of UEs.However, this scheme may be used for the UEs that are simultaneouslyreceiving the MBMS content and are on a dedicated session (voice or datacall on dedicated channels). By sending point-to-multipoint signalingmessages on a dedicated transport channel (DCH), the UEs would not beforced to receive the common transport channels used only forpoint-to-multipoint signaling. This scheme would be similar to what isdone with the UTRAN Mobility Information message (which can be used inR99, Re1-4, and Re1-5) to inform UEs on the dedicated channels ofchanges in the system timers.

The point-to-multipoint signaling messages may indicate theconfiguration or reconfiguration of point-to-multipoint radio bearers.These signaling messages may include the following information:

Logical channel information

Transport channel information

Physical channel information

Information on mapping of logical channel to transport channel

Information on mapping of transport channel to physical channel

Outer code information

Autonomous soft hand-over information

Ciphering information (if a broadcast or multicast key is used)

Cryptosync information (to align the cryptosync used by the UE, e.g.,the HFN)

Of the above enumerated information, only the outer code information,the autonomous soft hand-over information, the ciphering information,and the cryptosync information are new with respect to the existingW-CDMA signaling architecture.

A point-to-multipoint message may indicate if the outer code is used ornot. If the outer code is used, then the message identifies the type ofcode being used, the depth of the interleaver (size of the codingblocks), the phase of the reference coding block, and so on. The phasemay be referenced to the SFN used on the common channel of each cell. Ifthe network supports autonomous soft hand-over, then the phase of thereference coding block may be indicated for each of the neighboringcells that are transmitting the same point-to-point radio bearer.

A point-to-multipoint message may also indicate if autonomous softhand-over is supported or not.

Techniques to implement signaling for broadcast is described in furtherdetail in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,980,820.

K. Other Cell/Frequency Measurements

While receiving MBMS services, the UEs should be able to performmeasurements on other cells and possibly other frequencies depending onits baseline state (e.g., idle, URA_PCH, CELL_PCH, and so on). The MBMStransmission may be continuous when active. In this case, specialprocedures may be defined to allow for measurement on other cells andother frequencies.

If the TTI of the MBMS transport channel is long (e.g., 80 msec), thenusing a portion of this TTI (e.g., 5 msec) to monitor othercells/frequencies may not significantly degrade performance. Dependingon the rate of the other cell/frequency measurements and the desirederror rate on the MBMS transport channel, losing an MBMS block every nowand then while performing the measurement may be acceptable from theperspective of the application. If other services are received inparallel on the DPCH along with MBMS, then this may be the only solutionthat may be used with a single receiver since the compressed modepatterns (described below) are not the same for all DPCH in the cell.

If a UE has two receivers, then one receiver may be used to performother cell/frequency measurements and the other receiver may be used toreceive MBMS data. The dual receiver architecture is optional for Re1-5and older releases of the W-CDMA standard. However, the dual receivermay be made mandatory in newer releases of the W-CDMA.

W-CDMA supports a “compressed mode” of operation on the downlink wherebydata is transmitted to the UE within a shortened time duration (i.e.,compressed in time). The compressed mode is used to allow the UE totemporarily leave the system in order to perform measurements on adifferent frequency and/or a different Radio Access Technology (RAT)without losing data from the system. In the compressed mode, data istransmitted to the UE during only a portion of a (10 msec) frame so thatthe remaining portion of the frame (referred to as a transmission gap)may be used by the terminal to perform the measurements.

In the compressed mode, data is transmitted in accordance with atransmission gap pattern sequence (i.e., a compressed mode pattern),which is made up of two alternating transmission gap patterns. Eachtransmission gap pattern comprises a series of one or more compressedframes followed by zero or more non-compressed frames.

The system may thus set up a compressed mode pattern similar to that forthe DPCH. This pattern may be made known to all UEs receiving the MBMStransport channel. This solution may not be practical when a UE receivesboth voice and MBMS in parallel. If only a fraction of voice usersoperate MBMS in parallel, then it may be possible to align theircompressed mode pattern with the one used for the MBMS channel. Howeverthis approach is only applicable for a few users. If all users were touse the same compressed mode pattern, then the system would experiencepower outages around every transmission gap.

The techniques described herein for implementing MBMS in a wirelesscommunication system may be implemented by various means. For example,various elements of these techniques may be implemented in hardware,software, or a combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, theelements of these techniques may be implemented within one or moreapplication specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signalprocessors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs),programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors,other electronic units designed to perform the functions describedherein, or a combination thereof.

For a software implementation, the elements of these techniques may beimplemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) thatperform the functions described herein. The software codes may be storedin a memory unit (e.g., memories 232 and 262 in FIG. 2) and executed bya processor (e.g., controllers 230 and 260 in FIG. 2). The memory unitsmay be implemented within the processor or external to the processor, inwhich case they may be communicatively coupled to the processor viavarious means as is known in the art.

Headings are included herein for reference and to aid in locatingcertain sections. These headings are not intended to limit the scope ofthe concepts described therein under, and these concepts may haveapplicability in other sections throughout the entire specification.

The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided toenable any person skilled in the art to make or use the presentinvention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readilyapparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles definedherein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from thespirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is notintended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to beaccorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novelfeatures disclosed herein.

1. In a wireless communication system, a method for broadcasting data toa plurality of terminals, comprising: processing data for transmissionto the plurality of terminals; broadcasting the processed data on afirst physical channel to the plurality of terminals; and broadcastingcontrol information on a second physical channel to the plurality ofterminals, wherein the control information is used by the terminals toreceive the data broadcasted on the first physical channel.
 2. In awireless communication system, a method for broadcasting data to aplurality of terminals, comprising: determining a plurality of frames,in a time-division multiplexed (TDM) physical channel, to be used forbroadcasting data to the plurality of terminals; processing data fortransmission to the plurality of terminals; and broadcasting theprocessed data on the plurality of frames in the TDM physical channel.3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: repeating the broadcastingof the processed data over multiple frames to improve likelihood ofcorrect reception by the plurality of terminals.
 4. The method of claim2, wherein the plurality of frames are reserved for broadcasting data.5. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of frames aredynamically allocated for broadcasting data.
 6. The method of claim 5,further comprising: transmitting signaling to identify the plurality offrames dynamically allocated for broadcasting data.
 7. A memorycommunicatively coupled to a digital signal processing device (DSPD)capable of interpreting digital information to: provide a plurality offrames of information bits to a buffer implementing a matrix, whereinthe frames may have variable rates and each frame may include aparticular number of information bits that is different from those ofother frames provided to the matrix; pad the matrix with padding bitsbased on a particular padding scheme; and code the plurality of framesof information bits based on a particular code to provide a plurality ofparity bits, and wherein the frames of information bits and the paritybits are transmitted to the plurality of terminals
 8. An apparatus in awireless communication system, comprising: means for providing aplurality of frames of information bits to a buffer implementing amatrix, wherein the frames may have variable rates and each frame mayinclude a particular number of information bits that is different fromthose of other frames provided to the matrix; means for padding thematrix with padding bits based on a particular padding scheme; and meansfor coding the plurality of frames of information bits based on aparticular code to provide a plurality of parity bits, and wherein theframes of information bits and the parity bits are transmitted to theplurality of terminals.
 9. A transmitter in a wireless communicationsystem, comprising: a TX data processor operative to provide a pluralityof frames of information bits to a buffer implementing a matrix, whereinthe frames may have variable rates and each frame may include aparticular number of information bits that is different from those ofother frames provided to the matrix, pad the matrix with padding bitsbased on a particular padding scheme, and code the plurality of framesof information bits based on a particular code to provide a plurality ofparity bits, and wherein the frames of information bits and the paritybits are transmitted to the plurality of terminals; and a transmitteroperative to process the coded data to provide a modulated signal fortransmission to a plurality of terminals.
 10. An apparatus in a wirelesscommunication system, comprising: means for processing data fortransmission to a plurality of terminals; means for broadcasting theprocessed data on a first physical channel to the plurality ofterminals; and means for broadcasting control information on a secondphysical channel to the plurality of terminals, wherein the controlinformation is used by the terminals to receive the data broadcasted onthe first physical channel.